Detection Of Human Papilloma Virus

RISK OF CERVICOUTERINO CANCER

At Genolife we perform the detection of human papillomavirus from cervical, urethral, buccal samples, liquid cytology and paraffin blocks. This test is performed by identifying the HPV DNA present in the biological sample. The technique used is the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).

HPV Detection in Women

This test is recommended to women with active sexual life, who want to take care of possible oncogenic infections responsible for cervical cancer. This test can be requested directly in the laboratory or with your trusted doctor.

HPV Detection in Men

A man infected with the human papilloma virus (HPV) can infect his sexual partner even when he has no visible symptoms of the condition in his genitals. This test can be requested directly in the laboratory.

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Identification of viral subtypes of HPV

Currently there are several types of HPV tests it is important to know which ones are of clinical utility.

The tests that only detect the presence of HPV, has no clinical relevance because they can not tell you the risk and therefore you do not know if there is danger or not and as we mentioned, 90% of sexually active people will ever have some type of HPV, the important thing is to know which one.

There are HPV tests that identify high risk and low risk, these test grouped in 2 viral subtypes that indicate if you have a high risk or low risk type but not which in specific, this test has average clinical utility.

In Genolife we perform the specific identification of 33 viral subtypes, this test has a high clinical utility since your doctor will know more precisely what is your specific risk in each patient, in addition if there are any symptoms, co-infections and / or risk factors your doctor You will be able to follow up and personalized treatment.

In Genolife 19 subtypes of High Risk HPV (AR) are identified 16, 18, 26, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, 59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 82 and 14 subtypes HPV of Low Risk (BR) 6, 11, 13, 32, 34, 40, 42, 44, 54, 55, 57, 61, 62, 64

Pathogenicity Guide for Human Papilloma Virus

HPV High Risk (HR)

Pathogenicity	HPV subtypes
Very high risk	16, 18, 31 33, 35, 45 and 58 These viral subtypes are related to the following pathologies: Malignant lesions in mucous membranes, Squamous lesions, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, adenocarcinoma of the cervix, malignant neoplasms of the cervix, squamous cell cancer, adenocarcinoma of the cervix and cervical cancer.
High Risk	39, 51, 52, 56, 59, 66 and 68 These viral subtypes are related to the following pathologies: cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, cervical carcinoma and malignant mucosal lesions.
Likely high risk	26, 53, 67, 69 and 82 These viral subtypes are related to the following pathologies: Lesions of malignant mucous membranes.

Low Risk HPV (LR)

Pathogenicity	HPV subtypes
Low Risk	6 and 11 These viral subtypes are related to the following pathologies: recurrent respiratory papillomatosis, conjunctival papillomas / carcinomas, condyloma acuminata (genital warts), low-risk cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, verrucous carcinoma, benign mucosal lesions, genital warts in men and women, papillomas in larynx, condylomata acuminata of the cervix and laryngeal papillomas.
Likely low risk	13, 32 and 34 These viral subtypes are related to the following pathologies: Lesions of benign mucosa and verrucous carcinoma.
Very low risk	40, 42, 44, 54, 55, 57, 61, 62 and 64 These viral subtypes are related to the following pathologies: Low risk lesions in the oral or genital mucosa.

What is HPV?

The Human Papilloma Virus or HPV is one of the most common male and female reproductive system viruses. Most sexually active women and men will get the infection at some point in their lives, and some people may have recurrent infections. This virus is found in the mucous membranes.

Most men and women get the infection soon after the onset of sexual life. HPV is transmitted through sexual contact or skin-to-skin contact. Pregnant women can infect the newborn at birth only if it is natural birth in eyes, nose and / or throat.

There are many types of HPV and many of them do not cause problems. In general, HPV infections usually disappear without any intervention a few months after contracting, and about 90% disappear after 2 years. However, a percentage of infections by some viral subtypes of HPV can persist and develop into cancer.

How HPV infection leads to cancer.

Although the majority of HPV infections can be non-oncological viral subtypes and disappear on their own, all people are at risk of contracting high-risk oncogenic viral HPV subtypes (16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52 and 58) and complicate advancing to precancerous lesions that can evolve to invasive cancer.

Cervical cancer is the disease directly related to an infection of the viral subtypes of HPV called “high risk”. Infection by some types of HPV can also cause another type of cancer such as anal, vulvar, vaginal, penile and oropharyngeal, which are preventable with the detection of the infection.

Non-oncogenic HPV types (especially 6 and 11) can cause genital warts and respiratory papillomatosis (a disease characterized by the appearance of tumors in the airways that go from the nose and mouth to the lungs). While this disease is rarely fatal, the number of relapse is very high. Genital warts are very frequent and very contagious.

Risk factors for cervical cancer

Risk factors that favor the persistence of HPV and its evolution towards cervical cancer

The type of HPV and its oncogenic power.
The immune system. Immunosuppressed people are more likely to have persistent HPV infections and more rapid progression of precancerous lesions.
Simultaneous infection by other sexually transmitted organisms, such as herpes simplex viruses (HSV-1 and HSV-2) and Chlamydia among the most frequent.
Hormonal changes. Use of oral contraceptives.
The consumption of tobacco.

Bibliographical and consultation pages

Burd, Eileen M. Human Papillomavirus and Cervical Cancer.Clinical Microbiology Reviews. Vol. 16, No. 1 p. 1–17

De Villiers Ethel-Michele, Fauquet Claude, Broker Thomas R., Bernard Hans-Ulrich, Hausen Haraldzur Classification of papillomaviruses. Minireview. Virology Vol. 324. p17– 27

Da Silva Barros NK, Costa MC, Alves RR, Villa LL, Derchain SF, Zeferino LC, Dos Santos Carneiro MA, Rabelo-Santos SH. Association of HPV infection and Chlamydia trachomatis seropositivity in cases of cervical neoplasia in Midwest Brazil. J Med Virol. 84(7)

Hans-Ulrich Bernard Phylogeny and Typing of Papillomaviruses.Cap 3.ed. Garcea Robert and DiMaio L. Daniel. Book.The Papillomaviruses. Springer Science.New York USA

Muñoz, N; Bosch, F. X.; De Sanjosé, S; Herrero, R; Castellsagué, X; Shah, K. V.; Snijders, P. J.; Meijer, C. J.; International Agency for Research on Cancer Multicenter Cervical Cancer Study Group (2003), “Epidemiologic classification of human papillomavirus types associated with cervical cancer”, The New England Journal of Medicine, 348 (6): 518–27, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa021641, PMID 12571259

Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson; Mitchell, Richard (2007). “Chapter 19 The Female Genital System and Breast”. Robbins Basic Pathology (8 ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. ISBN 1-4160-2973-7.

Palefsky, Joel M.; Holly, Elizabeth A.; Ralston, Mary L.; Jay, Naomi (February 1988). “Prevalence and Risk Factors for Human Papillomavirus Infection of the Anal Canal in Human Immunodeﬁciency Virus (HIV)–Positive and HIV-Negative Homosexual Men” (PDF). Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Stomatology, and Epidemiology Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco. The Journal of Infectious Diseases Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2 March 2014.

Muñoz N, Castellsagué X, de González AB, Gissmann L; Castellsagué; De González (2006). “Chapter 1: HPV in the etiology of human cancer”. Vaccine. 24 (3): S1–S10.